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The American presidential election system has produced some interesting quirks, such as... 1800, when Democrat-Republicans Jefferson and Burr
receive
the same number of electoral votes, thus forcing the House of
Representatives to choose the president, or ... 1860, when Abraham
Lincoln, earning just 40% of the popular vote, is the first Republican
elected president. He wins in a four-way race against Stephen Douglas
and John Breckenridge (who split the Democratic vote) and John Bell,
who took most of the border states in the election that precipitated
the Civil War or ... 1824, 1876, 1888, and 2000, years in which the
persons (Jackson, Tilden, Cleveland, and Gore) receiving the most votes
from citizens are denied the presidency because of the electoral
college system, or ... 1912, when Teddy Roosevelt, frustrated with the lack of
Progressive zeal of his hand-picked Republican successor, William
Howard Taft,
enters the race and
basically hands it to Democratic candidate Woodrow Wilson, or ... 1972, when Richard Nixon wins 49 out of 50 states, but is so fixated on his enemies that he allows practices to take place which cause him to be the first president to resign from office and the second of three presidents to have impeachment proceedings develop to a signficant level (The only two presidents formally impeached were Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton. Both were acquitted in the Senate). 2000, when the U.S. Supreme Court by a vote of 5-4 overrules a Florida State Supreme Court ruling requiring the manual recount of undercounted votes, thus allowing George W. Bush to win the 25 electoral votes needed and become president, even though his opponent Al Gore wins more votes nationwide (Gore's total in 2000 is 542,000 greater than Bush's). Gore, of course, could have won the election outright if he had just carried his own state of Tennessee. Justice John Paul Stevens commented after the decision: "It is confidence in the men and women who administer the judicial system that is the true backbone of the rule of law. Time will one day heal the wound to that confidence that will be inflicted by today's decision. One thing, however, is certain. Although we may never know with complete certainty the identity of the winner of this year's Presidential election, the identity of the loser is perfectly clear. It is the nation's confidence in the judge as an impartial guardian of the rule of law." The purpose of this site is to give some basic statistical information to students about the 57 times Americans have chosen a president. If you find it helpful in any way, please let me know.
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John F. Kennedy narrowly defeated Richard Nixon in 1960, marking the first election of a Roman Catholic and the first "winner" of televised debates. (Paul Schutzer, Life Magazine 1961 ©Time, Inc.) |
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Vote |
Vote |
Vote |
Participation |
| 1789 | George Washington John Adams Others |
69 34 35 |
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| 1792 | George Washington John Adams George Clinton Others |
132 77 50 5 |
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| 1796 | John Adams Thomas Jefferson Thomas Pinckney Aaron Burr Others |
Federalist Democrat-Republican Federalist Democrat-Republican -- |
71 68 59 30 48 |
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| 1800 | Thomas Jefferson Aaron Burr John Adams C.C. Pinckney John Jay |
Democrat-Republican
Democrat-Republican Federalist Federalist Federalist |
73 73 65 64 1 |
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| 1804 | Thomas Jefferson C.C. Pinckney |
Democrat-Republican Federalist | 162 14 |
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| 1808 | James Madison C.C. Pinckney George Clinton |
Democrat-Republican Federalist Democrat-Republican |
122 47 6 |
|||
| 1812 | James Madison DeWitt Clinton |
Democrat-Republican Federalist | 128 89 |
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| 1816 | James Monroe Rufus King |
Democrat-Republican Federalist | 183 34 |
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| 1820 | James Monroe John Quincy Adams |
Democrat-Republican National Republican | 231 1 |
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| 1824 | John Q.Adams Andrew Jackson William Crawford Henry Clay |
National Republican Democrat-Republican Democrat-Republican Democrat-Republican |
108,740 153,544 46,618 47,136 |
30.5 43.1 13.1 13.2 |
84 99 41 37 |
26.9 |
| 1828 | Andrew Jackson John Q. Adams |
Democrat National Republican |
647,286 508,064 |
56.0 44.0 |
178 83 |
57.6 |
| 1832 | Andrew Jackson Henry Clay John Floyd William Wirt |
Democrat National Republican Independent Anti-Mason |
687,502 530,189 - 33,108 |
55.0 42.4 - - |
219 49 11 7 |
55.4 |
| 1836 | Martin Van Buren W.H. Harrison Hugh White Daniel Webster W.P. Magnum |
Democrat Whig Whig Whig Independent |
765,483 739,795 - - - |
50.9 49.1 - - - |
170 73 26 14 11 |
57.8 |
| 1840 | W.H. Harrison Martin Van Buren J.G. Birney |
Whig Democrat Liberty |
1,274,624 11,27,781 7,069 |
53.1 46.9 - |
234 60 - |
80.2 |
| 1841-1845 | John Tyler took office on Harrison's death | Whig in name, but Democrat in principle | ||||
| 1844 | James K. Polk Henry Clay J.G. Birney |
Democrat Whig Liberty |
1,338,464 1,300,097 62,300 |
49.6 48.1 2.3 |
170 105 - |
78.9 |
| 1848 | Zachary Taylor Lewis Cass Martin Van Buren |
Whig Democrat Free-Soil |
1,360,967 1,222,342 291,263 |
47.4 42.5 10.1 |
163 127 - |
72.7 |
| 1850- 1853 |
Millard Fillmore took office on Taylor's death |
Whig | ||||
| 1852 | Franklin Pierce Winfield Scott John P. Hale |
Democrat Whig Free-Soil |
1,601,117 1,385,453 155,825 |
50.9 44.1 5.0 |
254 42 - |
69.6 |
| 1856 | James Buchanan John C. Fremont Millard Fillmore |
Democrat Republican American |
1,832,955 1,339,932 871,731 |
45.3 33.1 21.6 |
174 114 8 |
78.9 |
| 1860 | Abraham Lincoln Stephen Douglas John Breckenridge John Bell |
Republican Democrat Democrat Union |
2,213,655 1,382,713 848,356 592,906 |
39.8 29.5 18.1 12.6 |
180 12 72 39 |
81.2 |
| 1864 | Abraham Lincoln George McClellan |
Republican Democrat |
2,213,655 1,805,237 |
55.0 45.0 |
212 21 |
73.8 |
| 1865- 1869 |
Andrew Johnson took office on Lincoln's death |
Union | ||||
| 1868 | Ulysses S. Grant Horatio Seymour |
Republican Democrat |
3,012,833 2,703,249 |
52.7 47.3 |
214 80 |
78.1 |
| 1872 | Ulysses S. Grant Horace Greeley |
Republican Democrat |
3,597,132 2,834,125 |
55.6 43.9 |
286 66 |
71.3 |
| 1876 | Rutherford B. Hayes Samuel Tilden |
Republican Democrat |
4,036,298 4,300,590 |
48.0 51.0 |
185 184 |
81.8 |
| 1880 | James Garfield Winfield S. Hancock |
Republican Democrat |
4,454,416 4,444,952 |
48.5 48.1 |
214 155 |
79.4 |
| 1881- 1885 |
Chester Arthur took office on Garfield's death |
Republican | ||||
| 1884 | Grover Cleveland James G. Blaine |
Democrat Republican |
4,874,986 4,851,981 |
48.5 48.2 |
219 182 |
77.5 |
| 1888 | Benjamin Harrison Grover Cleveland |
Republican Democrat |
5,439,853 5,540,309 |
47.9 48.6 |
233 138 |
79.3 |
| 1892 | Grover Cleveland Benjamin Harrison James B. Weaver |
Democrat Republican People's |
5,556,918 5,176,108 1,041,028 |
46.1 43.0 8.5 |
277 145 22 |
74.7 |
| 1896 | William McKinley William J. Bryan |
Republican Democrat |
7,104,779 6,502,925 |
51.1 47.7 |
271 176 |
79.3 |
| 1900 | William McKinley William J. Bryan |
Republican Democrat |
7,207,923 6,502,925 |
51.7 45.5 |
292 155 |
73.2 |
| 1901 |
Theodore
Roosevelt took office on McKinley's death |
Republican |
||||
| 1904 | Theodore Roosevelt Alton B. Parker Eugene V. Debs |
Republican Democrat Socialist |
7,623,486 5,077,911 402,283 |
57.9 37.6 3.0 |
336 140 0 |
65.2 |
| 1908 | William H. Taft William J. Bryan Eugene V. Debs |
Republican Democrat Socialist |
7,678,908 6,409,104 420,793 |
51.6 43.1 2.8 |
321 162 0 |
65.4 |
| 1912 | Woodrow Wilson Theodore Roosevelt William H. Taft Eugene V. Debs |
Democrat Progressive Republican Socialist |
6,293,454 4,119,538 3,484,980 900,672 |
41.9 27.4 23.2 6.0 |
435 88 8 0 |
58.8 |
| 1916 | Woodrow Wilson Charles E. Hughes A.L. Benson |
Democrat Republican Socialist |
9,129,606 8,538,221 585,113 |
49.4 46.2 3.2 |
277 254 0 |
61.6 |
| 1920 | Warren Harding James M. Cox Eugene V. Debs |
Republican Democrat Socialist |
16,152,200 9,147,353 919,799 |
60.4 34.2 3.4 |
404 127 0 |
49.2 |
| 1923 | Calvin
Coolidge took office on Harding's death |
Republican |
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| 1924 | Calvin Coolidge John W. Davis Robert M. LaFollette |
Republican Democrat Progressive |
15,725,016 8,386,503 4,822,856 |
54.0 28.8 16.6 |
382 136 13 |
48.9 |
| 1928 | Herbert Hoover Alfred Smith Norman Thomas |
Republican Democrat Socialist |
21,391,381 15,016,443 267,835 |
58.2 40.9 0.7 |
444 57 0 |
56.9 |
| 1932 | Franklin Roosevelt Herbert Hoover Norman Thomas |
Democrat Republican Socialist |
22,821,857 15,761,841 881,951 |
57.4 39.7 2.2 |
472 59 0 |
56.9 |
| 1936 | Franklin Roosevelt Alfred M. Landon William Lemke |
Democrat Republican Union |
27,751,597 16,679,583 882,479 |
60.8 36.5 1.9 |
523 8 0 |
61 |
| 1940 | Franklin Roosevelt Wendell Wilkie |
Democrat Republican |
27,244,160 22,305,198 |
54.8 44.8 |
449 82 |
62.5 |
| 1944 | Franklin Roosevelt Thomas E. Dewey |
Democrat Republican |
25,602,504 22,006,285 |
53.5 46.0 |
432 99 |
55.9 |
| 1948 | Harry S Truman Thomas E. Dewey Strom Thurmond Henry A. Wallace |
Democrat Republican States-Rights Demo. Progressive |
24,105,695 21,969,170 1,169,021 1,156,103 |
49.5 45.1 2.4 2.4 |
304 189 38 0 |
53 |
| 1952 | Dwight Eisenhower Adlai Stevenson |
Republican Democrat |
33,936,252 27,314,992 |
55.1 44.4 |
442 89 |
63.3 |
| 1956 | Dwight Eisenhower Adlai Stevenson |
Republican Democrat |
35,575,423 26,033,066 |
57.6 42.1 |
457 73 |
60.6 |
| 1960 | John F. Kennedy Richard Nixon Other |
Democrat Republican -- |
34,227,096 34,108,546 -- |
49.9 49.6 -- |
303 219 15 |
62.8 |
| 1964 | Lyndon Johnson Barry Goldwater |
Democrat Republican |
43,126,506 27,176,799 |
61.1 38.5 |
486 52 |
61.7 |
| 1968 | Richard Nixon Hubert Humphrey George Wallace |
Republican Democrat American Ind. |
31,770,237 31,270,533 9,906,141 |
43.4 42.7 13.5 |
301 191 46 |
60.6 |
| 1972 | Richard Nixon George McGovern Other |
Republican Democrat - |
47,169,911 29,170,383 - |
60.7 37.5 - |
520 17 1 |
55.2 |
| 1974 | Gerald Ford took office on Nixon's resignation | Republican | ||||
| 1976 | Jimmy Carter Gerald Ford Other |
Democrat Republican - |
40,828,587 39,147,613 1,575,459 |
50.0 47.9 2.1 |
297 241 0 |
53.5 |
| 1980 | Ronald Reagan Jimmy Carter John P. Anderson Ed Clark |
Republican Democrat Independent Libertarian |
43,901,812 35,483,820 5,719,722 921,188 |
50.7 41.0 6.6 1.1 |
489 49 0 0 |
52.6 |
| 1984 | Ronald Reagan Walter Mondale |
Republican Democrat |
54,455,075 37,577,185 |
59.0 41.0 |
525 13 |
53.3 |
| 1988 | George Bush Michael Dukakis |
Republican Democrat |
48,886,000 41,809,000 |
53.4 45.6 |
426 111 |
57.4 |
| 1992 | Bill Clinton George Bush H. Ross Perot |
Democrat Republican Independent |
43,728,375 38,167,416 19,237,247 |
43 38 19 |
370 168 0 |
55 |
| 1996 | Bill Clinton Bob Dole H. Ross Perot |
Democrat Republican Independent |
45,590,703 37,816,307 8,085,402 |
50 41 8 |
379 159 0 |
48.8 |
| 2000 |
George W. Bush Al Gore Ralph Nader |
Republican Democrat Green |
50,456,167 50,996,064 2,864,810 |
47.88 48.39 2.72 |
271 266* 0 |
51.2 |
| 2004 |
George
W. Bush John Kerry Ralph Nader |
Republican Democrat Independent |
59,651,290 56,158,908 404,285 |
51 48 0.3 |
286 252 |
59 |
| 2008 |
Barack
Obama John McCain |
Democrat Republican |
66,882,230 58,343,671 |
53 46 |
365 173 |
64** |
Notes: Electors are not required
to vote for a candidate. Several times electors, as they have met at
their state capitals following the November elections, have cast
protest votes for individuals.
* One elector abstained in 2000.
**Barack Obama achieved the highest total votes (66.8 million) as
64%
of the American electorate voted, the highest number since 1900.
Basic Source: American History by Richard Current, et al. New York: Knopf.